認識國際婚姻的上位視野

台灣國際勞工協會顧問 台灣國際家庭互助協會理事 龔尤倩

從家暴案件談國際家庭的男性
阿蓮是我接觸新移民婦女的第一個家暴案件。
因為婆媳關係惡劣，丈夫告了阿蓮離婚，把不知情的阿蓮趕出了門；阿蓮在一民間單位協助下申請了家暴令，為自己掙得了留在台灣的空間，並為離婚案上訴。這樣一纏訟，三年過去了。
當初，一位幫忙過的陸偶帶著她來找我。初次見面，居留期限將屆的她還在著急著等待遙遙的司法訴訟。移民婦女被「婚姻」綁架的居留身份，使得我們必須一步步與移民署協調居留展延。煎熬辛苦，不在話下。
幾經輾轉，判決下來了，阿蓮勝訴。這段離婚是不成立的。
阿蓮堅持要回到夫家，她想問先生讓不讓她回去幫忙，她說其實先生很辛苦的。阿蓮的丈夫跟媽媽相依為命，因為屢做小生意失敗，總是不得志，五十多歲的丈夫沒有恆產，不得不四處流轉、尋找機會，最近落腳在泰山，開了間牛肉麵館，與媽媽就近租屋。但是生意差極了，一天賺不到三千元。很艱辛地維持生計。
阿蓮與先生因為官司沒有聯絡，期間先生屢次拒接她電話。先生在意她把推擠說成家暴，先生覺得接到家暴令簡直是失透了面子。
我問阿蓮為什麼要回去？
她說，「我看他很可憐ㄚ，我知道家裡的狀況不好，他人不壞就是要面子，脾氣不好。我跟他關係還好，就是婆婆一直講我壞話啦。」
阿蓮堅持要回去跟先生談，我陪她去找了先生。中午時分，我在牛肉麵攤觀察了一下，沒有絡繹的人群，只有他先生孤身一人。走到先生租屋處，剛好先生返家，阿蓮喊他，丈夫視而不理，把我們拒在門外。兩年來第一次看見先生的阿蓮，喃喃地說他瘦了好多ㄚ……..「我相信我有能力幫他，我知道要怎麼做生意，這幾年我也在麵攤工作，只要肯做就行啦……………….」
與子相依為命的婆婆、履次無法翻身的中年男子以及異鄉求生存的越南女子。這個故事真是有太多切面可以去探討他們在台灣的婚姻處境。
然而，泰山街上驚鴻一瞥的男人，嗯，只在判決書上的名字終於現身，低頭緊抿嘴角，佝僂的身軀透露著滄喪，這讓我聯想起了很多周圍的男性。

亞洲移工

龔尤倩

天主教嘉祿國際移民組織台灣分會

在整個人類歷史中，遷移始终是人們决意克服不利条件、改善生活狀况的一


種方式。由於全球化趨勢以及通信交通的進步，移居他處的人数已經大為增加。 在2005年，全世界已經有約二億的移民人口，他們離開自己的國家在海外工作或定居。三十年前，愛爾蘭、義大利和西班牙等國都是移民輸出國，現在則已成移民移入國，亞洲的馬來西亞、韓國與泰國也面臨同樣的轉變。世界勞工組織表示，亞洲地區正吸引了越來越多的外籍勞工。自1995年到2000年，约290萬亞洲移工，约40%是前往另一個亞洲國家打工。外籍移工在新加坡占勞動力的28%，在馬來西亞占12%。

亞洲移動的歷史自一九七○年代開始，當時中東的石油輸出國家明顯的缺工現象，使得菲律賓、印尼等國開始向中東地區輸出勞工；這個勞工移動的現象到一九八○年代後，從中東轉變為亞洲新興的工業國(韓國、香港、新加坡與台灣)。亞洲內部的移工現象也越來越明顯。

亞洲的特殊性與變異性，使得亞洲移工現象呈現與其他洲非常不一樣的現象。亞洲擁有全世界人口最多的國家，如中國、印度和印尼；同時也有最窮(如尼泊爾, 年國民生產毛額1,310美金)與富有的國家(如日本，年國民生產毛額25,130美金)；許多亞洲國家同時呈現移工輸出與輸入，例如泰國以及馬來西亞。

亞洲移工現象有五項特殊性：

The Portraits of Migrant Workers in Taiwan

Yu-Chien Lorna Kung

In the 1960s and 1970s, labor intensive industries created the economic miracle in Taiwan. Along with the economic developments, the costs of land and labor soared. Taiwanese industries could no longer rely on taking advantage of the cheap labor released from the rural area. Transferring industry abroad became a tendency while the importation of migrant workers became one of the strategies for the government to request the industries to “root stay in Taiwan.” In 1989, the Administrative Yuan began to import Thai workers according to the Measures in Response to the Demand for Manpower in Fourteen Major Construction Projects. The adoption of the Employment Service Act in 1992 affirmed Taiwan’s migrant worker policy.

Therefore, no matter it is Taipei Metro, High Speed Rail, hospitals, or community parks, we see the images of migrant workers living and working with us. As of February, 2007, there are 341,623 blue-collar foreign migrant workers in Taiwan, which amounts to 1.4% of the total population or 3% of the total labor population. About half of the blue-collar migrant workers are in the manufacturing industries, while 44% care takers. The amounts of workers from Thailand, Indonesia, Philippine, and Vietnam range from 70,000 to 90,000 while those from Malaysia and Mongolia are less than a hundred.

台灣的移工圖像

龔尤倩（2007）

六○、七○年代勞動力密集產業創造了台灣經濟的奇蹟，隨著經濟發展，土地工資成本的上揚，台灣產業再也無法依恃島內自農村釋放廉價勞動力的優勢。產業外移出走成為趨勢，引進移工成為政府要求企業根留台灣的策略之一。1989年，行政院以「十四項重要工程人力需求措施因應方案」引進了泰國籍勞工，1992年就業服務法通過，則正式確定了台灣的移工政策。

於是，捷運,高鐵,醫院與社區公園….一一看到了這群移工的與我們共生共存的身影。截至2007年2月，台灣有341,623名藍領外籍移工，佔全部人口的1.4%，佔總勞動人口的百分之三。半數藍領移工從事製造業，另一大宗則為外籍監護工佔了百分之四十四，泰國印尼菲律賓以及越南籍人數分別為七萬至九萬不等，馬來西亞以及蒙古則低於百名。

The ongoing agenda of rights for caregivers

By Lorna Kung

Thursday, Dec 18, 2008, Page 8, Taipei Times

A few days ago, I received a phone call from a caregiver. She sounded frustrated and angry. She kept on asking me about her rights because her employer was refusing to give her a day off — she hadn’t had a day off in more than two years.

“Why they can treat me like this? I am not a slave!” she said.

Daisy is another caregiver. She enjoys a day off only once a month, but wants to take a regular day off every week. After she requested this of her employer, the lovely woman suddenly became cool and detached. She ignored not only her request but also her very presence.

This kind of conversation is a frequent part of my work, and that makes me sad and angry.

I won’t forget the sadness of Nancy, a caregiver in Taipei County. She showed me a picture of her three kids. Her oldest son died 20 years old while she was here. She was not allowed to attend his funeral. She was forced to abandon her family life, the most precious part of Philippine culture. I looked at her face and felt the pain and sadness — and persistence.

Protecting the lot of immigrant workers

By Lorna Kung 龔尤倩

Sunday, May 04, 2008, Page 8 of Taipei News

You see them day and night at the vegetable market in Taipei County’s Sanchong City — foreign female workers who get up at dawn to work in the breakfast shops or clean cars under the scorching sun or late into the night. As the public waits for the economy to take a turn for the better when president-elect Ma Ying-jeou (馬英九) takes over on May 20, it is this group of hardworking female immigrants that is the engine driving the local labor market.

A survey of the work situation for immigrant women published on the eve of Labor Day showed that language and race are the cause of much prejudice against these women as they seek employment. Then, if they manage to find a job, they usually have to suffer from inferior work conditions. Being immigrants and having to take care of their husbands’ family mean that these hardworking women often have to take substandard jobs.